The bigger picture
Keywords: multisensory integration, attention, perception, eye movements, life-span development
Fascinated by the beauty of having multiple senses, I am interested in understanding the general mechanisms of crossmodal processing across the life-span, from preverbal infants to senior adults: e.g. how crossmodal input enhances low-level information processing; how abstract information, like a shape and a nonsense word, is linked crossmodally; and how auditory attention enhances auditory contrast sensitivity. Currently, I design and conduct studies to understand the link between eye movements and visual motion perception as well as multisensory interactions.
Skills:
experiment programming (Matlab::PTB/Talk2Tobii)
experimental design (Psychophysics techniques, EEG frequency tagging, pupillometry, eye movements)
apparatus (Eyelink 1000 Plus, Tobii TX300, BioSemi EEG)
data processing (Matlab::EEGLAB/ERPLAB/Letswave/Psignifit/puillometry, R, Excel, Datavyu)
statistical analysis (R, SPSS)
graphic design / visualization (Illustrator, R, Excel)
--
[NEW RESOURCE]
Are you a student interested in working in my lab? Asking for a recommendation letter? Wanting to see resources?
Check out this document for my mentoring philosophy and resources for you!
(last update 08.18.2022)
Fascinated by the beauty of having multiple senses, I am interested in understanding the general mechanisms of crossmodal processing across the life-span, from preverbal infants to senior adults: e.g. how crossmodal input enhances low-level information processing; how abstract information, like a shape and a nonsense word, is linked crossmodally; and how auditory attention enhances auditory contrast sensitivity. Currently, I design and conduct studies to understand the link between eye movements and visual motion perception as well as multisensory interactions.
Skills:
experiment programming (Matlab::PTB/Talk2Tobii)
experimental design (Psychophysics techniques, EEG frequency tagging, pupillometry, eye movements)
apparatus (Eyelink 1000 Plus, Tobii TX300, BioSemi EEG)
data processing (Matlab::EEGLAB/ERPLAB/Letswave/Psignifit/puillometry, R, Excel, Datavyu)
statistical analysis (R, SPSS)
graphic design / visualization (Illustrator, R, Excel)
--
[NEW RESOURCE]
Are you a student interested in working in my lab? Asking for a recommendation letter? Wanting to see resources?
Check out this document for my mentoring philosophy and resources for you!
(last update 08.18.2022)
Current projects
research on infants, children, younger adults, older adults
Do you track what you don't see?
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Previous projects
Does your brain tell us if you think a round shape sounds /baba/?
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Is a felt round shape equally /baba/ as a seen round shape?
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Is it easier for some people to pay attention between the senses?
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(When) Does a brighter screen make a louder sound?
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Looking for your keys is easier if they happen to be on a salient object?
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Babies make use of multiple sensory cues for learning
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Apocalyptic perception of falling skyscrapers on a mountain tram
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Peer-reviewed journal publications
In Progress (Manuscript available upon request)
Tseng, C.H. #, Chow, H.M. #, Spillmann, L., Oxner, M., & Sakurai, K. Body pitch together with translational motion biases subjective haptic vertical. (manuscript under revision)
Chow, H.M. #, Briggs, D. #*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. Individual differences in multisensory interactions: The influence of temporal phase coherence and visual salience on auditory contrast sensitivity. (manuscript under review)
Chow, H.M., & Spering, M. Eye movements during optic flow perception. (manuscript under preparation)
2021
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Liang, J., Shiori, S., & Chen, C.C. (2021) Collinear search impairment is luminance contrast invariant. Scientific Reports, 11, article 11507.
Chow, H.M., Harris, D.*, Eid, S.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2021) The feeling of ‘baba’? Comparing developmental changes in sound-shape correspondence for audio-visual and audio-tactile stimuli. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 209, 105167 (online ahead of print)
Chow, H.M., Knöll, J., Madsen, M.*, & Spering, M. (2021). Look where you go: characterizing eye movements towards optic flow. Journal of Vision, 21(3), article 19.
2020
Chow, H.M., Leviyah, X.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2020). Individual differences in multisensory interactions: the influence of temporal phase coherence and auditory salience on visual contrast sensitivity. Vision, 4(1), 12.
2019
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2019). What makes a shape baba ’’? The shape features prioritized in sound shape correspondence change with development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 73-89.
Ho, H.N., Chow, H.M., Tsunokake, S., & Roseboom, W. (2019). A sensory processing hierarchy for thermal touch: Thermal adaptation occurs prior to thermal tactile integration. IEEE Transactions on Haptics.
2018
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Ma, Y.K., & Jie, D. (in prep). Preverbal infants utilizes cross-modal semantic congruency in artificial grammar acquisition. Scientific Reports, 8, Article number: 12707.
Spering, M., & Chow, H.M. (2018). Rapid assessment of natural visual motion integration across primate species (commentary). Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA , 115(4), 11112-11114.
2017
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M., & Eglington, L.(2017). Crossmodal attention influences auditory contrast sensitivity: Decreasing visual load improves auditory thresholds for amplitude and frequency modulated sounds. Journal of Vision, 17(3), article 20.
2016
Chow, H.M., Jingling, L. Tseng, C.H. (2016). Eye of origin guides attention away: An ocular singleton column impairs visual search like a collinear column. Journal of Vision, 16, 12.
Tsui, A.S.M., Ma, Y.K., Ho, S.Y., Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H. (2016). Bimodal emotion congruency is critical to preverbal infants’ abstract rule learning. Developmental Science, 19(3), 382-393.
2015
Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2015). Invisible collinear structures impair search. Consciousness & Cognition, 31, 46-59.
2013
Chow, H.M., Jingling, L. & Tseng, C.H. (2013). Collinear integration affects visual search at V1. Journal of Vision, 13(10), article 24.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., & Spillmann, L. (2013). Falling skyscrapers: When cross-modality perception of verticality fails. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1341-1347.
Tseng, C.H. #, Chow, H.M. #, Spillmann, L., Oxner, M., & Sakurai, K. Body pitch together with translational motion biases subjective haptic vertical. (manuscript under revision)
Chow, H.M. #, Briggs, D. #*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. Individual differences in multisensory interactions: The influence of temporal phase coherence and visual salience on auditory contrast sensitivity. (manuscript under review)
Chow, H.M., & Spering, M. Eye movements during optic flow perception. (manuscript under preparation)
2021
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Liang, J., Shiori, S., & Chen, C.C. (2021) Collinear search impairment is luminance contrast invariant. Scientific Reports, 11, article 11507.
Chow, H.M., Harris, D.*, Eid, S.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2021) The feeling of ‘baba’? Comparing developmental changes in sound-shape correspondence for audio-visual and audio-tactile stimuli. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 209, 105167 (online ahead of print)
Chow, H.M., Knöll, J., Madsen, M.*, & Spering, M. (2021). Look where you go: characterizing eye movements towards optic flow. Journal of Vision, 21(3), article 19.
2020
Chow, H.M., Leviyah, X.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2020). Individual differences in multisensory interactions: the influence of temporal phase coherence and auditory salience on visual contrast sensitivity. Vision, 4(1), 12.
2019
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2019). What makes a shape baba ’’? The shape features prioritized in sound shape correspondence change with development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 73-89.
Ho, H.N., Chow, H.M., Tsunokake, S., & Roseboom, W. (2019). A sensory processing hierarchy for thermal touch: Thermal adaptation occurs prior to thermal tactile integration. IEEE Transactions on Haptics.
2018
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Ma, Y.K., & Jie, D. (in prep). Preverbal infants utilizes cross-modal semantic congruency in artificial grammar acquisition. Scientific Reports, 8, Article number: 12707.
Spering, M., & Chow, H.M. (2018). Rapid assessment of natural visual motion integration across primate species (commentary). Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA , 115(4), 11112-11114.
2017
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M., & Eglington, L.(2017). Crossmodal attention influences auditory contrast sensitivity: Decreasing visual load improves auditory thresholds for amplitude and frequency modulated sounds. Journal of Vision, 17(3), article 20.
2016
Chow, H.M., Jingling, L. Tseng, C.H. (2016). Eye of origin guides attention away: An ocular singleton column impairs visual search like a collinear column. Journal of Vision, 16, 12.
Tsui, A.S.M., Ma, Y.K., Ho, S.Y., Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H. (2016). Bimodal emotion congruency is critical to preverbal infants’ abstract rule learning. Developmental Science, 19(3), 382-393.
2015
Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2015). Invisible collinear structures impair search. Consciousness & Cognition, 31, 46-59.
2013
Chow, H.M., Jingling, L. & Tseng, C.H. (2013). Collinear integration affects visual search at V1. Journal of Vision, 13(10), article 24.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., & Spillmann, L. (2013). Falling skyscrapers: When cross-modality perception of verticality fails. Psychological Science, 24(7), 1341-1347.
Selected conference abstracts
Incomplete list. For a full list or reprint of posters, please see CV linked at the top of page or contact me.
* Undergraduate Research Assistant mentored
* Undergraduate Research Assistant mentored
2018
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2018). Endogenous attention enhances neuronal signature of audio-visual sound-shape correspondence. International Multisensory Research Forum, Toronto, Canada
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2018). Musical expertise modulates the cost of crossmodal divided attention between vision and audition in behavior but not in tonic pupil dilation. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
Chow, H.M., Leonardo, B.*, Sabov, A.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2018). Is a round shape integrated with a /bouba/ sound? Enhanced neuronal signals at the intermodulation frequencies of congruent audio-visual stimuli. 25th Annual meeting of Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Boston
2017
Chow, H.M. & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2017). What makes a shape /baba/ to a child versus an adult? Changing contributions from shape contour, protrusion number, and protrusion size in sound-shape correspondence. International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
Briggs, D.M.*, Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2017). The interdependence of visual salience and audiovisual synchrony on auditory contrast detection. International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
Leonardo, B.*, Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2017). Do global or local features make an abstract shape appear more /Bouba/? International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M., & Eglington, L.G. (2017). Crossmodal attention alters contrast sensitivity for amplitude and frequency modulated sounds via a mechanism of contrast gain. International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
2016
Chow, H.M., Harris, D.A.*, Eid, S.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2016). Early experience alters the developmental trajectory of visual, auditory and tactile sound-shape correspondences. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
Guillory, S.B., Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2016). Matching a shape with a sound: Does sound-shape correspondence modulate a neuronal signature of visual shape processing? 23rd Annual Meeting of Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York.
2015
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2015). Salience affects crossmodal interactions (II): Are visual and auditory salience equally effective at switching crossmodal interactions from beneficial to detrimental? International Multisensory Research Forum, Pisa, Italy.
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M. (2015). Salience affects crossmodal interactions (I): Auditory salience switches crossmodal interactions from beneficial to detrimental. International Multisensory Research Forum, Pisa, Italy.
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M., & Williams, A. (2015). In-phase is not always best: Auditory salience reverses crossmodal influences on visual detectability. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida, USA.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., & Jingling, L. (2015). Eye-of-origin guides attention away: Search disadvantage by ocular singletons. 38th European Conference on Visual Perception, Liverpool.
Yeung, Y.S.*, Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2015). Information of ocular origin impairs target discrimination during visual search. 2015 Asia-Pacific Conference on Vision, Singapore.
2014
Chow, H.M., Ciaramitaro, V.C., Dobkins, K.R. (2014). A salient auditory stimulus improves visual contrast sensitivity but does not improve detection speed in 3- and 6-month-olds. International Conference on Infant Studies, Berlin, Germany.
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.C. (2014). What you hear is what you see: Non-spatial visual information can hinder auditory detectability early in development. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
Chow, H.M., Tsui, A.S.M., Ma, Y.K., Yat, M.Y., & Tseng, C.H. (2014). Infant cross-modal rule learning. 2014 Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan (Symposium)
Ciaramitaro, V.C., Chow. H.M., & Boynton, G. (2014). Within- and cross-modal attention modulate unattended visual information as revealed by the strength of visual motion aftereffects across visual contrast. Annual Meeting of Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Boston.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Tsui, A.S.M., Ma, Y.K., Yat, D. (2014). Cross-modal integration limits preverbal infant abstract rule learning. 37th European Conference on Visual Perception, Belgrade, Serbia.
Yeung, Y.S.*, Lee, M.*, Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H. (2014). Does ocular origin of stimuli always help you find a target? It depends!. 2014 Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan.
Lee, M.*, Yeung, Y.S.*, Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H. (2014). Eye of origin information does not always facilitate target search. 2014 Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Oxner, M., & Spillmann, L. (2014). Tilted body or tilted world? A field study of verticality misperception on a moving mountain tram. Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan (Symposium)
Tseng, C.H., & Chow, H.M. (2014). Onset target escapes the background perceptual grouping. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
2013
Tseng, C.H. & Chow, H.M. (2013). Invisible collinear integration impairs visual search. Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Suzhou, China.
Chow, H.M. & Tseng, C.H. (2013). Collinear contour integration impairs visual search before binocular fusion. Journal of Vision, 13(9), 1245.
Tseng, C.H., Ma, Y.K., Chow, H.M. (2013). Bimodal Affective Stimuli Do Not Always Enhance Infant’s Rule Learning: Congruency and relevance also matter. Journal of Vision, 13(9), 738.
2012
Chow, H.M., Chen, S.J.C.*, Tsui, G., Chiu, P.H., & Tseng, C.H. (2012). 10-month-old infants prefer comforters, not helpers. The 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Sapporo.
Ma, Y.K.,* Chow, H.M., Yeung, J.*, Ho, A.W.Y., & Tseng, C.H. (2012). Social elements are not a must for preverbal infants’ learning in an interactive event. The 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Sapporo.
Oxner, M., Chow, H.M., Zhong, C.*, Spillmann, L., & Tseng, C.H. (2012). Unraveling the Hong Kong Peak Tram Illusion. Journal of Vision, 12(9), 577.
2011
Chan, W.S.*, Chow, H.M., Tan, W.J.*, Park, C.J.*, & Tseng, C.H. (2011). The effects of emotional target and mood state of participants on attentional blink. i-Perception, 2(4), 327.
Tsui, G., Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2011). Noise Exclusion Ability in Infants. i-Perception, 2(4), 316.
Chiu, P.H., Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H., & Spillmann, L. (2011). The Hong Kong Peak Tram Illusion. i-Perception, 2(4), 295.
Tsui, G.H.T., Chow, D.H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2011). Quick CSF in preverbal infants with forced-choice preferential looking paradigm. Journal of Vision, 11(11), article 415.
Chow, D.H.M., Tsui, G.H.T., & Tseng, C.H. (2011). Six- to 12-month-old infants use emotional response, agent identity, and motion cues in associated learning of social events. Journal of Vision, 11(11), article 423.
2010
Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2010). Effects of emotion on attentional blink. Vision: the Journal of the Vision Society of Japan, 22, 76.
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2018). Endogenous attention enhances neuronal signature of audio-visual sound-shape correspondence. International Multisensory Research Forum, Toronto, Canada
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2018). Musical expertise modulates the cost of crossmodal divided attention between vision and audition in behavior but not in tonic pupil dilation. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
Chow, H.M., Leonardo, B.*, Sabov, A.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2018). Is a round shape integrated with a /bouba/ sound? Enhanced neuronal signals at the intermodulation frequencies of congruent audio-visual stimuli. 25th Annual meeting of Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Boston
2017
Chow, H.M. & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2017). What makes a shape /baba/ to a child versus an adult? Changing contributions from shape contour, protrusion number, and protrusion size in sound-shape correspondence. International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
Briggs, D.M.*, Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2017). The interdependence of visual salience and audiovisual synchrony on auditory contrast detection. International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
Leonardo, B.*, Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2017). Do global or local features make an abstract shape appear more /Bouba/? International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M., & Eglington, L.G. (2017). Crossmodal attention alters contrast sensitivity for amplitude and frequency modulated sounds via a mechanism of contrast gain. International Multisensory Research Forum, Nashville, USA
2016
Chow, H.M., Harris, D.A.*, Eid, S.*, & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2016). Early experience alters the developmental trajectory of visual, auditory and tactile sound-shape correspondences. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
Guillory, S.B., Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2016). Matching a shape with a sound: Does sound-shape correspondence modulate a neuronal signature of visual shape processing? 23rd Annual Meeting of Cognitive Neuroscience Society, New York.
2015
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.M. (2015). Salience affects crossmodal interactions (II): Are visual and auditory salience equally effective at switching crossmodal interactions from beneficial to detrimental? International Multisensory Research Forum, Pisa, Italy.
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M. (2015). Salience affects crossmodal interactions (I): Auditory salience switches crossmodal interactions from beneficial to detrimental. International Multisensory Research Forum, Pisa, Italy.
Ciaramitaro, V.M., Chow, H.M., & Williams, A. (2015). In-phase is not always best: Auditory salience reverses crossmodal influences on visual detectability. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida, USA.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., & Jingling, L. (2015). Eye-of-origin guides attention away: Search disadvantage by ocular singletons. 38th European Conference on Visual Perception, Liverpool.
Yeung, Y.S.*, Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2015). Information of ocular origin impairs target discrimination during visual search. 2015 Asia-Pacific Conference on Vision, Singapore.
2014
Chow, H.M., Ciaramitaro, V.C., Dobkins, K.R. (2014). A salient auditory stimulus improves visual contrast sensitivity but does not improve detection speed in 3- and 6-month-olds. International Conference on Infant Studies, Berlin, Germany.
Chow, H.M., & Ciaramitaro, V.C. (2014). What you hear is what you see: Non-spatial visual information can hinder auditory detectability early in development. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
Chow, H.M., Tsui, A.S.M., Ma, Y.K., Yat, M.Y., & Tseng, C.H. (2014). Infant cross-modal rule learning. 2014 Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan (Symposium)
Ciaramitaro, V.C., Chow. H.M., & Boynton, G. (2014). Within- and cross-modal attention modulate unattended visual information as revealed by the strength of visual motion aftereffects across visual contrast. Annual Meeting of Cognitive Neuroscience Society, Boston.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Tsui, A.S.M., Ma, Y.K., Yat, D. (2014). Cross-modal integration limits preverbal infant abstract rule learning. 37th European Conference on Visual Perception, Belgrade, Serbia.
Yeung, Y.S.*, Lee, M.*, Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H. (2014). Does ocular origin of stimuli always help you find a target? It depends!. 2014 Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan.
Lee, M.*, Yeung, Y.S.*, Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H. (2014). Eye of origin information does not always facilitate target search. 2014 Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan.
Tseng, C.H., Chow, H.M., Oxner, M., & Spillmann, L. (2014). Tilted body or tilted world? A field study of verticality misperception on a moving mountain tram. Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Japan (Symposium)
Tseng, C.H., & Chow, H.M. (2014). Onset target escapes the background perceptual grouping. Annual Meeting of Vision Science Society, Florida.
2013
Tseng, C.H. & Chow, H.M. (2013). Invisible collinear integration impairs visual search. Asia Pacific Conference on Vision, Suzhou, China.
Chow, H.M. & Tseng, C.H. (2013). Collinear contour integration impairs visual search before binocular fusion. Journal of Vision, 13(9), 1245.
Tseng, C.H., Ma, Y.K., Chow, H.M. (2013). Bimodal Affective Stimuli Do Not Always Enhance Infant’s Rule Learning: Congruency and relevance also matter. Journal of Vision, 13(9), 738.
2012
Chow, H.M., Chen, S.J.C.*, Tsui, G., Chiu, P.H., & Tseng, C.H. (2012). 10-month-old infants prefer comforters, not helpers. The 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Sapporo.
Ma, Y.K.,* Chow, H.M., Yeung, J.*, Ho, A.W.Y., & Tseng, C.H. (2012). Social elements are not a must for preverbal infants’ learning in an interactive event. The 34th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, Sapporo.
Oxner, M., Chow, H.M., Zhong, C.*, Spillmann, L., & Tseng, C.H. (2012). Unraveling the Hong Kong Peak Tram Illusion. Journal of Vision, 12(9), 577.
2011
Chan, W.S.*, Chow, H.M., Tan, W.J.*, Park, C.J.*, & Tseng, C.H. (2011). The effects of emotional target and mood state of participants on attentional blink. i-Perception, 2(4), 327.
Tsui, G., Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2011). Noise Exclusion Ability in Infants. i-Perception, 2(4), 316.
Chiu, P.H., Chow, H.M., Tseng, C.H., & Spillmann, L. (2011). The Hong Kong Peak Tram Illusion. i-Perception, 2(4), 295.
Tsui, G.H.T., Chow, D.H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2011). Quick CSF in preverbal infants with forced-choice preferential looking paradigm. Journal of Vision, 11(11), article 415.
Chow, D.H.M., Tsui, G.H.T., & Tseng, C.H. (2011). Six- to 12-month-old infants use emotional response, agent identity, and motion cues in associated learning of social events. Journal of Vision, 11(11), article 423.
2010
Chow, H.M., & Tseng, C.H. (2010). Effects of emotion on attentional blink. Vision: the Journal of the Vision Society of Japan, 22, 76.